(1)
(1) For the purposes of this Agreement, the term “resident of a Contracting State” means any person who: a) in the case of Australia, is liable to tax as a resident of Australia; and b) in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany, is liable to tax therein by reason of the person’s domicile, residence, place of management or any criterion of a similar nature. The term “resident of a Contracting State” also includes a Contracting State and, in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany, its States (Länder), and any political subdivision or local authority thereof. This term, however, does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State or capital situated in the Federal Republic of Germany.
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(2) Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an indi- vidual is a resident of both Contracting States, then that indi - vidual’s status shall be determined as follows: a) the individual shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which a permanent home is available to that indi - vidual; if a permanent home is available in both States, that individual shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State with which the individual’s personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests); b) if the State in which the centre of vital interests is situated cannot be determined, or if a permanent home is not avail- able to the individual in either State, the individual shall be deemed to be a resident only of the State in which that individual has an habitual abode; c) if the individual has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, the individual shall be deemed to be a resi- dent only of the State of which the individual is a national; d) if the individual is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to settle the question by mutual agreement.
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(3) Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then it shall be deemed to be a resident solely of the State in which its place of effective management is situated. If the State in which the place of effective management is situated cannot be determined, or the place of effective management is in neither State, then the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to determine by mutual agreement in accor- dance with Article 25 the Contracting State of which the person shall be deemed to be a resident for purposes of the Agreement, having regard to its places of management, the place where it is incorporated or otherwise constituted and any other relevant factors. In the absence of such agreement, such person shall not be considered to be a resident of either Contracting State for purposes of enjoying benefits under this Agreement.
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(4) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Agreement, a collective investment vehicle which is established in a Contract- ing State and which receives income (including profits and gains) arising in the other Contracting State shall be treated, for the purposes of applying the Agreement to such income, as an indi- vidual who is a resident of the Contracting State in which it is established and as the beneficial owner of the income it receives (provided that, if an individual who is a resident of the first- mentioned State had received the income in the same circum- stances, such individual would have been considered to be the beneficial owner thereof), but only to the extent that the beneficial interests in the collective investment vehicle are owned by resi- dents of the Contracting State in which the collective investment vehicle is established and equivalent beneficiaries. However, if: a) in the case of a collective investment vehicle established in Australia, the principal class of shares, units or other compa- rable interests in the collective investment vehicle is listed and regularly traded on a recognised stock exchange in Australia; b) at least 75 per cent of the value of the beneficial interests in the collective investment vehicle is owned by residents of the Contracting State in which the collective investment vehicle is established; or c) at least 90 per cent of the value of the beneficial interests in the collective investment vehicle is owned by equivalent beneficiaries, the collective investment vehicle shall be treated as an individual who is a resident of the Contracting State in which it is estab- lished and as the beneficial owner of all the income it receives (provided that, if an individual who is a resident of that State had received the income in the same circumstances, such individual would have been considered to be the beneficial owner thereof).
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(5) For purposes of paragraph 4, the term “equivalent bene - ficiary” means: a) a resident of the Contracting State in which the collective investment vehicle is established; and b) a resident of any other State with which the Contracting State in which the income arises has a tax agreement that provides for effective and comprehensive information exchange who would, if such resident received the particular item of income for which benefits are being claimed under this Agreement, be entitled under that agreement, or under the domestic law of the Contracting State in which the income arises, to a rate of tax with respect to that item of income that is at least as low as the rate claimed under this Agreement by the collec- tive investment vehicle with respect to that item of income.
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