Article 4 · Resident

#### Article 4. Resident

- 1 For the purposes of this Convention, the term “resident of one of the States” means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management, place of incorporation, or any other criterion of a similar nature, or that is an exempt pension trust, as dealt with in [Article 35](#Verdrag_1_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukV_Artikel35) (Exempt Pension Trust) and that is a resident of that State according to the laws of that State, or an exempt organization, as dealt with in [Article 36](#Verdrag_2_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukV_Artikel36) (Exempt Organizations) and that is a resident of that State according to the laws of that State. If, under the laws of the two States, an individual is a resident of both States, his residence for purposes of the Convention shall be determined under the rules of paragraph 2. An individual who is a resident of one of the States under the law of that State, or who is a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the other State under its law, will, for the purposes of this paragraph, be treated as a resident of the State of which he is a resident or citizen only if (i) he would be a resident of that State and not a third State, under the principles of subparagraphs (a) and (b) of paragraph 2 of this Article, if that third State is one with which the first-mentioned State does not have a comprehensive income tax Convention, or (ii) he is a resident of that State and not a third State, if that third State is one with which the first-mentioned State does have a comprehensive income tax Convention, under the provisions of that Convention. However, the term “resident of one of the States” does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State.

- 2 Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1, an individual is a resident of both States, then his status shall be determined as follows:

- a) he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has a permanent home available to him; if he has a permanent home available to him in both States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (centre of vital interests);

- b) if the State in which he has his centre of vital interests cannot be determined, or if he has not a permanent home available to him in either State, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has an habitual abode;

- c) if he has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State of which he is a national;

- d) if he is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the States shall settle the question by mutual agreement.

- 3 Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1, a person other than an individual or a company is a resident of both States, the competent authorities of the States shall settle the question by mutual agreement and determine the mode of application of the Convention to such person.

- 4 Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1, a company is a resident of both States, the competent authorities of the States shall endeavour to settle the question by mutual agreement, having regard to the company's place of effective management, the place where it is incorporated or otherwise constituted and any other relevant factors. In the absence of such agreement, such company shall not be entitled to claim any benefits under this Convention, except that such company may claim the benefits of [paragraph 4 of Article 25](#Verdrag_2_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukIV_Artikel25) (Methods of Elimination of Double Taxation) and of [Articles 28](#Verdrag_2_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukV_Artikel28) (Non-discrimination), [29](#Verdrag_2_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukV_Artikel29) (Mutual Agreement Procedure) and [37](#Verdrag_2_Verdragtekst_1_HoofdstukVI_Artikel37) (Entry into Force).